b'Medicine and Researchmemory, or executive functioning. Computer- into smaller components). Structured routines based cognitive training programs can aidcan also provide substantial benet by promoting with mass practice and, in turn, promotehabit versus reliance on memory and executive improvements. planning. Overall, combining restorative and As MS progresses, neural circuitry cancompensatory approaches is likely to yield become damaged or lost (atrophied) becausebetter outcomes than either technique alone.ofneurodegeneration,inwhichcase,Ultimately, the goal is not only to preserve neurorestoration is no longer possible. In thesecognitiveabilitiesbutalsotoempower cases, compensatory approaches are utilizedindividuals with MS to maintain independence, to bypass impaired functions in the brain.participation,andasenseofcontrolover Use of internal (e.g., chunking, rehearsal) andtheir lives. By understanding the nature external aids can be used to provide reminders.of MS-related cognitive impairment and In addition, modications to the environmentstrategies to combat the symptoms, individuals can be made to optimize cognitive functioningwithMScannavigatethechallengesof (e.g., single tasking versus multitasking, reducingcognitive impairment and live a fullling and background distractions, and breaking tasksindependent life.Strategies to improve or optimize cognition Here is a list detailing a variety of different strategies to optimize cognition for easy reference.Memory and recall External memory aids: Use planners, whiteboards, calendars, sticky notes, a memory journalor notebook, or smartphone apps or reminders. (e.g., OneNote, Google Calendar, pill reminder apps such as Medisafe).Voice assistants and apps: Use Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant for alarms and to-do lists.Consistent storage: Keep items (keys, wallet, phone) in the same spot to reduce forgetfulness.Note-taking and memory journal: Write down instructions, meetings, or ideas and summaries immediately.Chunking information: Break down large amounts of information into smaller, more manageable parts (e.g., a phone number into three numbers and four numbers, versus seven numbers). Attention and focus Minimize distractions: Work in quiet and clutter-free spaces, turn off unnecessary notications, and use noise-cancelling earphones.Task prioritization: Focus on one task at a time, use checklists to track progress, and make notes for where you left off.Pacing strategies: Use timers and implement active rest breaks (e.g., trial Foret or Pomodoro Timer to balance cognitive focus with short rest breaks or use Headspace or Calm to promote mindfulness and reset focus).Environmental cues: Use visual or auditory prompts (e.g., sticky notes on a mirror) to bringattention to tasks. msfocusmagazine.org 10'